In the latter half of the nineteenth century large numbers of
terrace houses of the 'back-to-back' type were built in many of the
industrial towns in the United Kingdom. Although some of the houses
have been demolished and more are due for demolition there are
considerable numbers of them that are likely to be occupied for many
years. The incidence of fires in this type of dwelling is no higher
than in other types of house of traditional construction but since there
is no separate staircase (Figure 2) escape must be made through the
downstairs living-room and there is a great risk of the occupants being
trapped should fire occur.
There are 26,000-27,000 back-to-back houses in Birmingham and of
these about 17,000 are of the three-storey type. There have been five
serious fires in these dwellings in the last twenty years and as a
result thirty-six lives have been lost. The Housing Committee of
the City Council of Birmingham have been looking for means of improving
the chances of escape in the 11,000 back-to-back houses in municipal
ownership and they considered that an escape hatch should be fitted in
the party wall of the top floor and that a simple fire alarm should be
fitted in the living-room. To test the efficiency of these proposals
the Housing Management Committee decided to carry out full-scale tests
on three-storey houses due for demolition. The Joint Fire Research
Organization was invited to assist in this work.
In the event of fire in the living-room of these houses it was
considered that the times available for escape are likely to depend very
much on whether the door to the staircase is left open or closed. In
view of this two tests were planned, one to be carried out vrith the door
open, and the other with the door closed. The conditions known to affect
escape during a fire are the air temperatures, the state of the atmosphere
and the visibility. It was decided therefore to start the experimental
fires in the living-room and to take measurements at these three conditions
at key points in the houses.
